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- NATION, Page 40A Near Tragedy Of Errors
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- Alumni of the Cuban missile crisis review their lessons
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- A quarter-century ago, they played a game of nuclear
- chicken, bringing the planet terrifyingly close to destruction.
- Last week in Moscow, many of the same men who were involved in
- the Cuban missile crisis met to discuss the confrontation. In a
- form of diplomatic glasnost, senior Americans, Soviets and
- Cubans for the first time traded candid observations on the
- drama that had the world holding its breath for 13 perilous
- days in October 1962.
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- President John F. Kennedy's Defense Secretary Robert
- McNamara and National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy were
- among the Americans present. The Soviets were represented by the
- likes of former Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and onetime
- Ambassador Anatoli Dobrynin. The Cubans were led by Politburo
- member Jorge Risquet. The atmosphere, said a participant, was
- one of "remarkable bonhomie." However, the meeting revealed
- that all three parties acted out of basic misperceptions during
- the crisis. Among them:
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- The U.S. believed that the Soviets were planting nuclear
- missiles in Cuba to counter American installation of warheads in
- Turkey. But the Soviet missiles were intended, at least in part,
- to neutralize the threat of a U.S. invasion of the island, which
- Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and Cuba's Fidel Castro
- believed to be imminent. Despite the movement of U.S. air and
- land forces to the southeastern U.S. in the early fall of 1962
- and the fact that an invasion was proposed to Kennedy as a
- serious option (he rejected it), McNamara insists that such an
- action was never in the works. But, he added, "if I were in
- (the Cubans') shoes, I have no doubt that I would have thought
- the same thing."
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- Kennedy and his advisers never knew for certain whether
- there were nuclear warheads already in Cuba in October 1962.
- The Soviets disclosed last week that 20 warheads were indeed on
- the island; they could have been fitted within hours on
- missiles targeted for Washington, New York and other major U.S.
- cities.
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- U.S. intelligence estimated that there were 10,000 Soviet
- and 40,000 Cuban troops on the island. Actually, the Soviets
- had 40,000 troops stationed there, and Cuban soldiers numbered
- 270,000. Had the U.S. invaded, said McNamara, "casualties would
- have been more than twice what we figured."
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- The Moscow conference made plain the huge pitfalls of a
- superpower crisis in the nuclear age. "The horrifying extent to
- which we all misunderstood what was going on," said McNamara,
- "is the absolutely fundamental lesson for the future. Given
- what's at stake, crises are too dangerous to manage. They must
- be avoided."
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